The long-term vigor of the U.S. economy may be at risk as middle-class households are squeezed by slow growth in income and wealth and rising costs for housing, health care and education, Federal Reserve Gov. Lael Brainard said.
"An economy that delivers an increasing share of income gains to high-wealth households could result in less growth in consumer demand than one in which the gains are distributed more equally," she said Friday at a Fed community development conference in Washington.
Research shows that households with lower levels of wealth spend a larger fraction of any income gains than their wealthier counterparts. That has long-term implications for consumption, the single biggest engine of growth in the economy, she said.
Declaring that the Fed's mandate to deliver full employment has served the U.S. well, Ms. Brainard said wage growth has begun to pick up after years of slow gains. That's especially important for middle class families which don't have many other sources of income.
She said though it was "concerning" that the share of total national income going to wage earners has been in a long-term decline.
Drawing in part on new data compiled by the Fed, Ms. Brainard sketched out some of the challenges confronting the middle class:
They still have not fully recovered the wealth they lost in the Great Recession. At the end of 2018, the average middle income household had wealth of $340,000 while those in the top 10% had $4.5 million, up 19% from before the recession. While a big reason for the discrepancy is the surge in the stock market, the home equity of the average middle income family is also still below its pre-recession peak. One third of middle income adults say they would borrow money, sell something or not be able to pay an unexpected $400 expense. One fourth said they skipped some kind of medical care in 2018 because of its cost. Nearly three in 10 middle-income adults carry a balance on their credit card most or all of the time. Some eight in 10 are at least somewhat confident that they could obtain an additional credit card if they applied for it. The share of income spent on rent by middle class renters rose to 25% in 2018 from 18% in 2007.
One bright spot highlighted by Ms. Brainard: Average Americans may be better prepared for retirement than previously thought. That's because of new data that factors in the expected value of defined benefit pension plans.
Still, with employers shifting away from such plans, it's perhaps not surprising that many middle-income adults voice concern about their readiness for retirement, according to Ms. Brainard.
"In recent years, households at the middle of the income distribution have faced a number of challenges,'' Ms. Brainard said. "That raises the question of whether middle-class living standards are within reach for middle-income Americans in today's economy.''
It also raises broader questions about America's future.
"A strong middle class is often seen as a cornerstone of a vibrant economy and, beyond that, a resilient democracy,'' she said.
