Japan's challenge

The world's third-largest economy continues to struggle, but labor force reforms could help get growth back on track.

Population stagnation: Falling fertility rates have caused population growth to stagnate and even decline, making robust economic growth harder to achieve.

Immigration welcome: Liberalization of immigration policies could boost economic activity, although cultural considerations are key.

More workers: A potential source of growth could be increased labor participation by women. The rate has declined slightly over the past 25 years.

Educational attainment: A top-tier primary education system gives Japan a tremendous global advantage.

Inflation trends: Moderate levels of inflation have been difficult to achieve. Ten of the past 25 years have experienced deflation, but lately inflation levels have been modestly positive.

Sources: Japan's Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare; The World Bank; Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

Compiled and designed by Aaron M. Cunningham and Gregg A. Runburg

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