Easing trading risks from market fragmentation and tech arms race
Skip to main content
pilogo-NEW
Subscribe
  • Subscribe
  • My Account
  • login
  • NEWS
    • Asset owners and the coronavirus
    • Alternatives
    • Consultants
    • Coronavirus
    • Defined Contribution
    • ESG
    • Frontlines
    • Hedge Funds
    • Investing / Portfolio Strategies
    • Money Management
    • Pension Funds
    • People Moves
    • Private Equity
    • Real Estate
    • Searches & Hires News
    • SECURE Act
    • Special Reports
    • WorldPensionSummit
    • Ron Schmitz
      Pandemic drives faster transition for Virginia to private markets
      Mubadala Investment Co. logo
      Mubadala draws on portfolio in coronavirus fight
      T.J. Carlson
      Texas Muni reduces downside risk during pandemic, finding opportunities now
      Scott Davis
      ‘Triage plan’ at Indiana system helped stem losses
    • Some alternative strategies struggle in first quarter following tough 2020
      Close up of Business people shaking hands, finishing up meeting, business etiquette, congratulation, merger and acquisition concept
      Cathay Innovation Partners takes minority stake in Seaya Ventures
      IACPM: Credit managers see stabilizing effect from stimulus programs
      KKR lifts out 3 to focus on clean energy infrastructure
    • Hub International continues buying spree with IBG acquisition
      Callan brings on 2 executives
      Hub International agrees to buy Plan Sponsor Consultants
      Aon names public markets solution leader
    • The J.P. Morgan Chase logo displayed at a branch bank
      J.P. Morgan sells $13 billion of bonds in largest-ever bank deal
      John Bakarat
      Commentary: COVID-19 and real estate debt – where investors should be looking
      IACPM: Credit managers see stabilizing effect from stimulus programs
      BofA: Most managers bullish on economy, markets
    • Pentegra launches pooled employer plan
      Teresa Hassara
      Ascensus taps MassMutual alum as new FuturePlan president
      Economic Group Pension Services scoops up third-party administrator
      OregonSaves gathers $100 million in assets
    • WTW to cut carbon footprint of OCIO portfolios by half by 2030
      SEC Commissioners Testify Before The House Financial Services Committee
      SEC shouldn’t require ESG metrics – commissioner
      Tracker gives investors insight into progress on social commitments
      Shoppers wear protective masks while visiting an Apple Inc. store at George Street in Sydney, Australia, on June 24, 2020.
      Apple backs SEC mandate on climate disclosure
    • New book culls institutional wisdom from podcast series
      Fearless Girl
      SSGA’s Fearless Girl statue now shattering glass ceiling
      Tangen video
      Norges chief dons chef’s hat to boost employees’ spirits
      Ken Griffin
      Ken Griffin donates $5 million to give Miami students internet
    • Karen Karniol-Tambour
      Bridgewater appoints 2 co-CIOs to oversee new sustainable investing group
      Hedge funds post best first-quarter return since 2000
      Jason Kephart
      Managers see good times ahead in 2021
      Jev Mehmet, CEO of Brevan Howard's Coremont unit
      Brevan Howard runs $50 billion unit like BlackRock’s Aladdin
    • University of New Hampshire endowment allocates $14 million
      Sen. Elizabeth Warren, D-Mass., listens during a Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions confirmation hearing for Marty Walsh, secretary of labor nominee for President Joe Biden, in Washington on Feb. 4, 2021
      Lawmakers reintroduce climate-risk disclosure bill
      The U.S. Capitol and Library of Congress stand in this aerial photograph taken above Washington
      Senate bill seeks to make U.S. climate-change leader
      Brexit pushes 440 financial services firms to move some U.K. business to Europe
    • Morgan Stanley logo
      Morgan Stanley’s record quarter stained by Archegos collapse
      Man Group CEO Luke Ellis
      Man Group AUM up in first quarter on performance
      Michael Zerda
      LaSalle picks head of debt and special situations
      Susan Ford
      Duff & Phelps brings on institutional business development managing director
    • Corporate plan funding gets a boost from higher discount rates – Milliman
      Evan Siddall
      AIMCo lines up next CEO
      A bank customer takes Danish Kroner banknotes from an ATM in Aarhus, Denmark
      Denmark’s PFA Pension achieves 6.3% return in first quarter
      Ontario Municipal promotes from within for new global equities exec
    • Tufts taps interim co-CIO as new investment chief
      Michael Zerda
      LaSalle picks head of debt and special situations
      Evan Siddall
      AIMCo lines up next CEO
      Susan Ford
      Duff & Phelps brings on institutional business development managing director
    • Paul Morrissey
      Blackstone Growth picks managing director to lead European investing
      Bills of euro, dollar and pound currencies, among others
      Ardian closes latest buyout fund at $8.8 billion
      Hand typing on stationary iPhone at an office reception desk
      Private equity’s taste for tech spurs $80 billion deal spree
      Vista Equity promotes 2 to leadership roles on 2 funds
    • CalSTRS indutrial property
      Investors hungry for industrial properties
      Tim Wang
      GLP names co-president of logistics, industrial real estate for China
      Frank Forster
      StepStone Real Estate adds managing director for Europe
      Christine Iacoucci
      BentallGreenOak promotes from within to fill Canadian CIO role
    • Andy Schreiner
      New PEPs targeting firms without retirement plans
      Jackie Walorski
      Contribution catch-up for caregivers gaining favor
      Neal and Brady
      Retirement security could be only issue both sides accept
      Retirement cartoon
      Hopes rising for retirement readiness in 2021
    • Corporate pension contributions
      Eddy Awards 2021
      COVID-19: One year in
      Charging Bull, sometimes referred to as the Wall Street Bull or the Bowling Green Bull, a bronze sculpture that stands on Broadway just north of Bowling Green in the Financial District of New York City
      Top-performing managers Q4 2020
    • U.S. still a key market for investors
      Collected coverage of P&I's 2020 WorldPensionSummit
      Pedestrians pass a large advertisement on the Arndale Center shopping mall reading 'Act now to avoid a local lockdown' in Manchester, England
      COVID-19 puts new opportunities and risks on the agenda - WPS panelists
      Screens display stock price information over the trading floor of the NYSE Euronext exchange in Paris
      Private assets will continue to grow in portfolios – WPS panelists
  • Data
    • Research Center
    • Searches & Hires Database
    • Searches & Hires News
    • RFPs
    • Charts / Infographics
    • Sponsored Research
    • Trackers
    • Q2 2020 searches and hires overview report
      Q2 2020 money manager M&A activity summary
      Q2 2020 legal overview report
      Q1 2020 searches and hires overview report
    • University of New Hampshire endowment allocates $14 million
      Memphis Light, Gas & Water scouting for special situations funds
      Washington State Investment Board earmarks $4.2 billion for 7 funds
      Virginia earmarks $1 billion for 4 managers
    • University of New Hampshire endowment allocates $14 million
      Memphis Light, Gas & Water scouting for special situations funds
      Washington State Investment Board earmarks $4.2 billion for 7 funds
      Virginia earmarks $1 billion for 4 managers
    • Passive Investment Management Services
      Active Extended Global Credit Manager Search
      Actuarial Services
      Investment Management Services
    • Private real estate funds continue rebound
      Managed account adoption stalls in 2020
      U.S. bonds have worst quarterly return since 1981
      Stable value retains edge over money market funds
    • Institutional Investors: Shared Expectations, Divergent Paths
      Global Investor Study 2016
      Workplace Financial Wellness
    • U.S. Endowment Returns Tracker
      Pension Fund Returns Tracker
      Earnings Tracker
      Corporate Pension Contribution Tracker
  • Insights
    • Opinion
    • White Papers
    • Industry Voices
    • Letters to the Editor
    • Partner Content
    • Publisher's Update
    • CalPERS cartoon
      Urgency underscores CalPERS' search for a CIO
      Multiemployer plans cartoon
      Money — but no fixes — for multiemployer plans
      Vaccination cartoon
      Rallying to meet the ongoing COVID-19 challenge
      Tesla cartoon
      Don’t confuse wealth creation with retirement saving
    • Bipsync Client Stories: RMS in Action at Pensions and Superannuation Funds
      COVID-19 Makes LP Portfolio Management More Important Than Ever
      China: the outlook is bright for longer-term investors
      Finding Differentiation in Securitized Assets
    • John Bakarat
      Commentary: COVID-19 and real estate debt – where investors should be looking
      Jake Remley
      Commentary: Inflation expectations vs. reality in the bond market
      Greg Shea and Steven Kindred
      Commentary: The solution for yield-seeking allocators may be hiding in plain sight
      Jim Park
      Commentary: Asian Americans, Pacific Islanders face ‘bamboo ceiling’ in money management
    • Writer using a typewriter
      OCIO industry needs to adopt GIPS
      Writer or journalist workplace. stock illustration
      Even as it assails China, Trump administration emulates it
      Skeptical of Main Street support for proxy adviser proposal
      Focus on manager diversity pushes asset owners’ to walk the talk
    • P&I Content Solutions
      Research for Institutional Money Management
      P&I Content Solutions
      Top questions for institutional investors
      Sponsored Content By Newton Investment Management
      Growth and Innovation in Emerging Markets
      P&I Content Solutions
      Fixed income 2021
    • Help us help you by supporting quality journalism
      You Must Believe in Spring
      Everything Must Change
      Tomatoes & Investments
  • Multimedia
    • Videos
    • Webinars
    • Polls
    • Slideshows
    • Charts / Infographics
    • watch video
      1:23
      The passive fixed-income glut
      watch video
      1:38
      Is it time for DC plans to embrace private equity?
      watch video
      5:39
      The coronavirus pandemic: One year later
      watch video
      0:45
      Private funds weathered 2020 turmoil
    • New Outlook on Income: A Framework for Evaluating DC Retirement Income Solutions
      Understanding the PEP Evolution
      Divest or engage?
      Innovations in DC: Helping supercharge retirement outcomes
    • POLL: The Biden infrastructure plan
      POLL: Retirement income solutions
      POLL: Working after the pandemic
      POLL: The year ahead for the 1,000 largest U.S. retirement funds
    • view gallery
      9 photos
      Coronavirus and the markets
      view gallery
      22 photos
      The 1,000 largest retirement funds: 2020
      view gallery
      10 photos
      Outlook 2020
      view gallery
      10 photos
      2019 as seen through the eyes of Roger
    • Private real estate funds continue rebound
      Managed account adoption stalls in 2020
  • Events
    • Conferences
    • Webinars
    • DC Investment Lineup Virtual Series
      ESG Investing Virtual Series
      Private Markets Virtual Series
    • New Outlook on Income: A Framework for Evaluating DC Retirement Income Solutions
      Understanding the PEP Evolution
      Divest or engage?
      Innovations in DC: Helping supercharge retirement outcomes
  • Careers
  • Research Center
MENU
Breadcrumb
  1. Home
  2. MARKETS
October 14, 2013 01:00 AM

Easing trading risks from market fragmentation and tech arms race

Lynn Challenger
  • Tweet
  • Share
  • Share
  • Email
  • More
    Reprints Print
    Bloomberg

    The August interruption in Nasdaq service is merely the latest example of the increasing instability of the U.S. equity market.

    Other examples are:


  • the 2010 “flash crash”;

  • rogue algorithms;

  • predatory high-frequency traders;

  • the 2012 Knight Capital Group Inc. programming error;

  • maker-taker rebates either incentivizing or penalizing trading liquidity;

  • technology failures involving the Facebook Inc. and BATS Global Markets Inc. initial public offerings last year; and

  • Goldman Sachs' erroneous options trades this year due to a program implementation error.

    • So far, investors have avoided major losses. But the potential for disaster looms if regulators don't address the source of the instability — a market that has become too complex.

      Currently, U.S. stocks trade in more than 60 separate venues. These include exchanges, electronic networks, systematic internalizers and alternative trading systems. The proliferation of trading execution outlets has created several sources of instability.

      One source is the fragmented nature of the marketplace. In fact, the Aug. 22 Nasdaq disruption hinged on the inability of rival computer networks to communicate with each other. The large number of trading venues makes it difficult for buyers and sellers to find each other. To compensate, traders use complex routing algorithms to forecast, or guess, where opposing orders might be posted. But in many cases, orders are unnecessarily intermediated by high-frequency trading algorithms designed to profit from minute deviations in stock prices. Fragmentation also causes inefficiencies that raise execution costs and leave larger orders vulnerable to abuse from predatory algorithms.

      A second source of instability is the length of time required to route orders between execution venues, a concept known as latency. Increased latency creates opportunities for high-frequency traders and risks for the market. In a high-latency environment, orders bounce among many venues, seeking an execution opportunity. All the while, they leak information about their size and trading pattern. Like U-boat captains stalking cargo ships, high-frequency traders use predatory algorithms to detect large orders moving through the market. Once they spot one, algorithms try to front-run them, move the price, and offer it back to the original order at a higher price.

      Market complexity also introduces a higher cost structure. The cost of the systems needed to manage a routing network to each venue and maintain competitive levels of speed on those networks has become burdensome for broker-dealers. Some now spend more on technology than they do on people. These increased costs will eventually be passed on to investors in the form of higher commissions.

      In addition to raising the cost for investors, the current technological arms race also poses risks to the market. Each time a new venue opens or an existing one is modified, each broker-dealer must update its software. The more frequent the changes, the greater the risk of potential error. Knight Capital, one of the country's largest market makers, experienced this risk last year when a coding mistake caused it to lose $389 million in less than 45 minutes. Knight was blamed for releasing bad code into the market, but it was a technologically savvy firm. If this kind of error could happen there, it can happen anywhere.

      Complex markets and heightened risks of system failure raise daunting liability issues, too.


      Who will be held responsible for losses? When Nasdaq's technology failed during the Facebook IPO, its clients sustained significant losses. The exchange is attempting to limit its liability by filing a motion to dismiss some claims against it. Fortunately for investors, the broker-dealers are standing between Nasdaq and the losses. But what if a broker-dealer owned the venue where the error occurred? And what if that broker-dealer had to choose between forcing the loss onto its clients or bankruptcy?

      Regulators are taking steps to deal with the symptoms of an unstable market. The Securities and Exchange Commission has launched programs to monitor trading activity, control liquidity gaps with circuit breakers and implement best practices for software deployment. But these solutions don't necessarily address the underlying problems. Instead, they might add more complexity to markets that already have too much of it.

      In our opinion, simplifying the markets is a better approach to reducing risks. Two changes could produce dramatic improvements.

      First, requiring all execution venues to be hosted in the same geographic location would eliminate latency by moving servers close to each other and standardizing the technology connecting them. Orders bouncing from one venue to another in search of liquidity would travel at the same speed as other orders.

      A second change would be to increase capital requirements for trading venues. Raising minimum regulated capital to a more significant level, say, $500 million, would help insure investors against losses from a system failure. This new minimum would increase the cost structure of the 60-plus trading venues and some products would be forced out of the market. However, fewer venues would mean less pressure on broker-dealers' expense line to maintain their routing networks, which in turn would relieve pressure on commissions.

      Any moves to alter the market's structure must be considered carefully. Changes made by the SEC in the past 20 years have lowered transaction costs and increased efficiency. But the system failures over the past few years cannot be ignored. As market leaders seek solutions, they should consider the advice of Leonardo da Vinci, one of history's greatest inventors, who said: “Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication.”


      Lynn Challenger is San Francisco-based managing director and head of global trading at Mellon Capital Management Corp., a unit of Bank of New York Mellon, New York.

    Related Articles
    Nasdaq halts trading after computer errors
    Nasdaq falter strands private equity-backed IPO
    Nasdaq says software flaw exposed in data flood that led to halt
    Trading problems sparking calls for closer oversight of exchanges
    InHub debuts RFP assistance website for consultant searches
    BATS Global Markets president out
    SEC rule could push trading costs higher
    Recommended for You
    J.P. Morgan sells $13 billion of bonds in largest-ever bank deal
    J.P. Morgan sells $13 billion of bonds in largest-ever bank deal
    Investors earmark further cash for bitcoin allocations
    Investors earmark further cash for bitcoin allocations
    Investment managers set out U.K. green gilts wish list
    Investment managers set out U.K. green gilts wish list
    Research for Institutional Money Management
    Sponsored Content: Research for Institutional Money Management
    sponsored
    Events
     
     
    Sponsored
    White Papers
    Bipsync Client Stories: RMS in Action at Pensions and Superannuation Funds
    COVID-19 Makes LP Portfolio Management More Important Than Ever
    China: the outlook is bright for longer-term investors
    Finding Differentiation in Securitized Assets
    Green and sustainable bonds in emerging markets
    Portfolio Protection: One Size Fits None
    View More
    Sponsored Content
    Partner Content
    The Industrialization of ESG Investment
    For institutional investors, ETFs can make meeting liquidity needs easier
    Gold: the most effective commodity investment
    2021 Investment Outlook | Investing Beyond the Pandemic: A Reset for Portfolios
    Ten ways retirement plan professionals add value to plan sponsors
    Gold: an efficient hedge
    View More
    E-MAIL NEWSLETTERS

    Sign up and get the best of News delivered straight to your email inbox, free of charge. Choose your news – we will deliver.

    Subscribe Today
    April 5, 2021 Page One

    Get access to the news, research and analysis of events affecting the retirement and institutional money management businesses from a worldwide network of reporters and editors.

    Subscribe
    Connect With Us
    • RSS
    • Twitter
    • Facebook
    • LinkedIn

    Our Mission

    To consistently deliver news, research and analysis to the executives who manage the flow of funds in the institutional investment market.

    pilogo-NEW
    About Us

    Main Office
    685 Third Avenue
    Tenth Floor
    New York, NY 10017-4036

    Chicago Office
    150 N. Michigan Ave.
    Chicago, IL 60601

    Contact Us

    Careers at Crain

    About Pensions & Investments

     

    Advertising
    • Media Kit
    • P&I Content Solutions
    • P&I Careers | Post a Job
    • Reprints & Permissions
    Resources
    • Subscribe
    • Newsletters
    • FAQ
    • P&I Research Center
    • Site map
    • Staff Directory
    Legal
    • Privacy Policy
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Privacy Request
    Pensions & Investments
    Copyright © 1996-2021. Crain Communications, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
    • NEWS
      • Asset owners and the coronavirus
      • Alternatives
      • Consultants
      • Coronavirus
      • Defined Contribution
      • ESG
      • Frontlines
      • Hedge Funds
      • Investing / Portfolio Strategies
      • Money Management
      • Pension Funds
      • People Moves
      • Private Equity
      • Real Estate
      • Searches & Hires News
      • SECURE Act
      • Special Reports
      • WorldPensionSummit
    • Data
      • Research Center
      • Searches & Hires Database
      • Searches & Hires News
      • RFPs
      • Charts / Infographics
      • Sponsored Research
      • Trackers
    • Insights
      • Opinion
      • White Papers
      • Industry Voices
      • Letters to the Editor
      • Partner Content
      • Publisher's Update
    • Multimedia
      • Videos
      • Webinars
      • Polls
      • Slideshows
      • Charts / Infographics
    • Events
      • Conferences
      • Webinars
    • Careers
    • Research Center