Hedge funds mum about ETF use

Hedge fund managers are the third-biggest institutional users of exchange-traded funds and exchange-traded products, but they're reluctant to talk about it.

That's because pension fund, endowment and foundation clients won't be happy if the hedge fund managers they are hiring for their exceptional investment skills and for which they are paying high fees — 2% for management and 20% for performance — are relying too much on lower-cost index-based products like ETFs and ETPs.

“Investors in hedge funds are paying big fees for active management equity selection. If a long/short manager goes long individual equities and only shorts ETFs and (indexes), it is a terrible deal for investors (because) fees should be a lot lower,” Jim Vos, CEO, head of research and principal at hedge fund consultant Aksia LLC, New York, said in an e-mail.

“Single-stock shorting is quite difficult. That's why hedge fund managers get the big fees,” Mr. Vos stressed.

Said Daniel Gamba, managing director and head of the America iShares institutional business at BlackRock Inc., New York: “There is a stigma to using ETFs for many hedge fund managers.” BlackRock is the industry's largest ETF provider, with $483.5 billion as of Jan. 31, according to data from The ETF Industry Association, Philadelphia.

“Hedge fund managers who don't use ETFs say they don't because they are paid to pick securities. Others that do use them have trouble telling clients they use ETFs, but on the other hand, have no trouble telling them about the complicated futures, options and other derivatives they also use as investment tools,” noted Mr. Gamba.

Many industry sources agreed with Stephen L. Nesbitt, who said in an e-mail: “ETFs are ubiquitous in hedge fund portfolios, (used) mostly as hedging instruments.” Mr. Nesbitt is CEO of alternative investment consultant Cliffwater LLC, Marina del Rey, Calif.

A number of large well-known hedge fund managers are active ETF users, according to their Dec. 31 13-F filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. They include Bridgewater Associates LP, Eton Park Capital Management LP, Lone Pine Capital LLC, Millennium Management LLC, Oak Hill Investment Management LP and Paulson & Co. Inc.

State Street Global Advisors' SPDR Gold Shares, which totaled $63.5 billion as of Dec. 31, is one of the hedge fund industry's most popular ETFs, with 145 hedge funds invested in it as of that date, according to 13-F filings.

Paulson & Co. was the largest hedge fund holder of SPDR Gold as of Dec. 31 with 17.3 million shares, down about 3 million shares from Sept. 30, according to the firm's 13-F filing.

While ETF use might be widespread among hedge funds, the dollars invested using these instruments as of Dec. 31 were fairly small — an estimated gross $76 billion — compared to the about $1 trillion hedge fund managers owned of single-stock holdings, according to Goldman Sachs & Co.'s analysis of 13-F and short interest filings.

In aggregate, about 17% of hedge fund short positions and 4% of long positions were made through ETFs, estimated Goldman Sachs researchers from the company's global economics, commodities and strategy research unit. The data is from the company's Feb. 21 edition of “Hedge Fund Trend Monitor” report.

The growth of hedge fund investment in SPDR Gold and other ETFs is indicative of changes in the way that these active managers have used ETFs as portfolio management tools over the years, said Kevin Quigg, global head of SPDR ETF strategy and consulting at State Street Global Advisors, Boston.

SSgA is the industry's second largest ETF provider, with $287.6 billion as of Jan. 31, according to The ETF Industry Association.

Mr. Quigg said hedge fund managers most commonly use ETFs as a traditional hedge, most often to short sectors, but also to get long exposure. ETFs also are used by hedge fund managers to:

• invest quickly in a particular opportunity, using ETFs as a placeholder while individual securities are selected;


• invest in markets or sectors where the manager lacks infrastructure or specific knowledge; and


• arbitrage an individual security.

Hedge funds have used ETFs since the mid-1990s, but only in the past few years have sector ETFs become large enough for hedge funds to feel comfortable about their ability to preserve anonymity while investing in them, Mr. Quigg said.

“Hedge fund managers' edge is their ability to make proprietary moves, and they need to use a large ETF to mask their trades.”

Mark Bamber, managing director and head of Deutsche Bank's Delta One trading unit, overseeing index and program trading, including ETFs, agreed, noting that hedge fund managers use ETFs to “express their technical macro views.”

When “correlations between individual securities are high or volatility is spiking, hedge fund managers tend to use ETFs to take broad-brush exposures on sectors,” he said.

Because correlations and volatility can be fleeting, the liquid nature of ETFs makes them attractive since hedge fund portfolio managers generally hold ETFs for a shorter time than other institutional users and turn them over much more frequently, said Mr. Bamber, who is based in New York.

Other hedge fund managers are using ETFs as “building blocks, beta tools to get exposures” on the long and short side to sectors or regions where liquidity is constrained and buying individual securities is difficult. For both reasons, iShares' hottest ETF sectors are high-yield bonds, emerging markets and credit markets.

High yield in particular has been one of BlackRock's fastest growing ETFs, with average daily trading volume of its iShares IBoxx High Yield Corporate Bond Fund increasing to $150 million in the second half of 2011 from about an average of $90 million in the first half. In January, average daily trading volume rose to $200 million per day, Mr. Gamba said. Year-to-date net inflows into the high yield ETF totaled $2.7 billion as of Feb. 22, compared with $3.5 billion in all of 2011.

Hedge fund-of-funds managers and consultants generally are comfortable with the use of ETFs by hedge fund managers, especially global macro and systematic trading managers whose strategies focus on top-down investment in sectors and regions, rather than on individual security selection.

They're concerned, however, when more fundamentally oriented hedge fund managers rely too much on ETFs for shorting in portfolios.

“We pay attention to ETF usage because, generally, we want active positions on both the long and short side of a manager's portfolio,” Greg T. Fedorinchik, senior managing director and head of global client relationship team at Mesirow Advanced Strategies Inc., Chicago, said in an e-mail. Mesirow manages about $14.3 billion in hedge funds of funds.

“When someone starts creeping up (his or her) use of ETFs, we want to fully understand why,” Mr. Fedorinchik said.